Heart Valve Diseases: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

• Written by Sejal Singhania

  Reviewed by Akhil Pillai

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Your heart tirelessly beats about 100,000 times daily to sustain your life. But what happens if the tiny valves that control blood flow, the heart valves, fail to function properly? This is known as heart valve disease, a condition that often remains unnoticed until it becomes dangerous.

When one or more valves don't open or close properly, the heart struggles to pump blood effectively. This condition can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, or potentially progress to heart failure if not treated. Heart valve disease is not limited to older adults; individuals of all ages can develop it due to congenital issues, infections, or lifestyle choices. In this guide, we will explore what is heart valve disease, its causes, symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and available treatments, highlighting why catching it early can make a big difference in health outcomes.

What is Heart Valve Disease?

Heart valve disease occurs when the heart's valves don't function properly, leading to  blood flow problems and placing strain on the heart. If left untreated, it can decrease blood flow, cause the heart to work harder, and become life-threatening. Medical professionals can repair or replace valves through surgery or minimally invasive methods, restoring proper function and allowing patients to resume their normal activities.

Your heart contains four valves that ensure blood flows in a single direction. These valves are composed of small tissue flaps called leaflets, which open to allow blood to flow forward during half of the heartbeat. They then close to prevent blood from flowing backward during the other half. The four main valves in the heart are:

• Mitral Valve:Located between the left atrium and left ventricle
• Tricuspid Valve: Located between the right atrium and right ventricle
• Pulmonary Valve:  Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
• Aortic Valve:  Located between the left ventricle and the aorta

How Does the Heart Work?

To understand heart valve disease, it’s essential to understand how a healthy heart functions. With each heartbeat, valves open and close to regulate blood flow between the atria (upper chambers), ventricles (lower chambers), lungs, and the rest of the body. Here is a step-by-step explanation of the blood flow through the heart:

• The left and right atria contract when they fill with blood, gently opening the mitral and tricuspid valves. This helps to pump the blood smoothly into the ventricles, ensuring a steady flow.
• The left and right ventricles contract, which helps close the mitral and tricuspid valves to stop blood from flowing backwards. At the same time, the aortic and pulmonic valves open up, allowing blood to be efficiently pumped out of the heart.
• The left and right ventricles relax gently. The aortic and pulmonic valves close softly, keeping the blood flowing in the right direction and preventing it from moving backwards into the heart. Then, the mitral and tricuspid valves open, allowing blood to flow forward and fill the ventricles once again. This process helps ensure that your heart continues to pump efficiently and smoothly.

Types of Heart Valve Diseases

Although there are many types of heart valve diseases, some of the most frequently encountered  are:

Valvular Stenosis

Valvular Stenosis occurs when the valve opening becomes narrow due to its thickening or stiffening. A slightly narrow opening may not cause any harm. However, if it is too narrow to affect blood flow into your heart, it is considered a serious health issue. In this case, the flow of blood also gets obstructed. 

Valvular Regurgitation

This type of disease occurs due to the leaky valves. Simply put, when the tricuspid valve, mitral valve, or both cannot close, it causes the blood to flow backward. Treatment varies depending on the patient's health condition and the stage of the disease.

Valvular Atresia

Valvular atresia is observed in newborn babies. It occurs when any one of the heart valves doesn’t develop correctly before birth.

Mitral Valve Prolapse

This is also known as floppy valve syndrome or click murmur syndrome. This type of disease occurs when the mitral valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left atrium.

Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease

Usually, an aortic valve has three flaps. However, patients who suffer from this condition typically have two flaps in their aortic valves. This disease is congenital, but its symptoms don’t appear after birth. Some patients start seeing their first symptoms in adulthood.

Heart Valve Disease Signs & Symptoms That You Should Know! 

The symptoms of heart valve disease depend on its  severity. However, some common symptoms include:

• Heart palpitations (abnormal heartbeats)
• Shortness of breath due to a little bit of physical activity 
• Chest pain
• Fainting
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Cough
• Inflammation in the ankles, feet, or abdomen (pulmonary oedema)
• Debility 
• Fever (if the cause of the disease is infection)

What Causes Heart Valve Diseases? 

Heart valve disease can develop from birth defects, infections, ageing, or lifestyle factors that may damage or weaken the valves. Some common causes of heart valve disease include:

• Hypertension
• Age-related calcium deposits in excess
• Rheumatic fever 
• Coronary artery disease
• Heart failure
• Birth defect (congenital disease)
• Infectious endocarditis
• Syphilis
• Lupus
• Degeneration of the valve tissues due to ageing
• Thoracic aortic aneurysm 
• Heart attack
• Infection in the heart (infectious endocarditis)

What are the Complications of Heart Valve Disease?

If heart valve disease isn’t treated, it can cause serious problems that impact not just your heart but your overall health and well-being. Some of these issues that may develop if the condition is left untreated include:

• High blood pressure in your pulmonary arteries (pulmonary hypertension)
• Heart failure
• Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia)
• Stroke
• Cardiac arrest
• Blood clots

How to Diagnose Heart Valve Disease?

Detecting heart valve disease early is crucial for effective treatment and preventing serious complications. Since many symptoms overlap with those of other heart conditions, obtaining an accurate diagnosis enables cardiologists to identify the specific problem and select the most appropriate treatment options. To confirm if you have heart valve disease and how serious it is, doctors might suggest the following tests:

• Echocardiogram (Echo): This test employs sound waves to create images of the heart, assessing its structure, valve operation, and blood flow.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test measures the heart’s electrical signals to identify irregular rhythms.
• Chest X-ray: This test indicates the presence of heart enlargement or fluid accumulation in the lungs.
• Cardiac MRI/CT Scan: Provides detailed images of the heart’s anatomy and how it functions.
• Cardiac Catheterisation: This procedure involves inserting a slender tube into the heart to measure pressure and evaluate blood flow.

What is the Treatment for Heart Valve Disease? 

Heart valve disease can be effectively managed, especially when detected early. Depending on the severity of the condition, the specific valve issue, and the person's overall health, doctors may recommend a combination of medications, surgery, or both. The primary goal is to restore normal blood flow, relieve symptoms, and enhance the individual's quality of life.

Non-Surgical Treatments

Medicines can help control symptoms and reduce the risk of complications for certain conditions, but they cannot permanently repair a faulty valve. Some medications prescribed for heart valve disease include:

• Beta-blockers & calcium channel blockers: Help control heart rate and rhythm.
• Diuretics: Minimise fluid accumulation, swelling, and stress on the heart.
• Vasodilators: Relax and enlarge blood vessels to promote smoother blood flow.

Surgical Treatments

When the condition is severe or medications are insufficient, surgical options become necessary. Some of the surgeries that are best for heart valve diseases include:

• Valvuloplasty: Balloon valvuloplasty, also known as valvotomy, is a minimally invasive procedure used to open a narrowed (stenotic) heart valve, such as the aortic or mitral valve, to enhance blood flow.
• Valve Repair or Replacement Surgery: The damaged heart valve is either repaired or replaced with a mechanical valve (long-lasting, requiring blood thinners) or a biological valve (made from animal or human tissue, with a shorter lifespan).
• Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR): A minimally invasive procedure that is frequently advised for patients with high risk.

Prevention Tips For Your Heart Valve Health

 Even though heart valve disease can't always be prevented, especially if it's due to congenital issues, you can still take steps to reduce your risk and support your heart’s health for the long run. Making small, steady lifestyle changes can make a significant difference in maintaining healthy heart valves and ensuring your blood flows freely. Here are some easy but effective habits you might find helpful:

• Follow a heart-healthy diet by choosing foods low in salt, unhealthy fats, and cholesterol, and increase intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• Maintain an active lifestyle by aiming for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise.
• Manage stress effectively by engaging in meditation, yoga, or breathing exercises to maintain a calm mind and heart.
• Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol can really help your heart stay healthy and reduce the risk of additional complications.
• Regularly monitor your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels to track key health indicators.
• Schedule regular health check-ups, as they can help you catch issues early and prevent bigger problems.

Keep Your Heart Healthy with Care Health Insurance

While preventing medical emergencies isn't always possible, being financially prepared is crucial. The costs for diagnosing, heart treatment, and buying medications for heart disease are high. However, it's best to purchase a health insurance plan today that provides comprehensive coverage to support you through these financial challenges. For instance, Care Heart Mediclaim by Care Health Insurance acts as a protective shield, offering up to ₹10 lakh in coverage for unforeseen health issues. With customised coverage options and amazing features like ambulance cover, automatic recharges, domiciliary hospitalisation, and more, it allows you to face life's surprises with confidence. Taking that extra step now can help protect your family's happiness and security.

Disclaimer: The above information is for reference purposes only. Kindly consult your general physician for verified medical advice. The health insurance benefits are subject to policy terms and conditions. Refer to your policy documents for more information.