Hyperpigmentation: A Complete Guide to Its Causes & Treatment

• Written by Mudit Handa

  Reviewed by Akhil Pillai

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In India, people are frequently exposed to direct sunlight and are accustomed to warm climates, especially in the plains. The consistent exposure leads to certain skin conditions that affect a person's appearance. One such common skin condition is hyperpigmentation.

A considerable percentage of Indian women experience hyperpigmentation, with common forms including melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH).

This article will guide you through understanding hyperpigmentation's root causes and effective treatment methods.

What is Hyperpigmentation?

Hyperpigmentation is a common skin condition characterised by patches of skin becoming darker than the surrounding areas. This darkening is caused by increased melanin production. It can affect people of all skin types. 

Melanin is the pigment responsible for skin colour. It is produced by melanocytes, specialised cells located in the epidermis, the outermost layer of skin. When these melanocytes produce excess melanin, it accumulates in the skin, developing hyperpigmented spots or patches and darkening specific areas of skin. 

Is Hyperpigmentation Common in Specific Ethnic Groups?

No. This condition is not limited to any specific race or ethnicity; it can affect individuals of all skin types, ranging from fair to dark complexions. Hyperpigmentation can vary greatly, appearing as small, isolated spots or large, widespread areas of discolouration. It can occur on various body parts, including the face, hands, neck, and chest, which are frequently exposed to sunlight. 

Is Hyperpigmentation a Genetic Disorder?

No, hyperpigmentation is not a genetic disease. It occurs due to overexposure to sunlight and several other medical conditions. While often a cosmetic concern, hyperpigmentation is typically harmless and not indicative of an underlying medical issue. However, in rare cases, it can be a symptom of other health conditions, necessitating consultation with a dermatologist for diagnosis and treatment.

As it affects an individual’s overall appearance, it may impact their self-esteem and overall persona. Fortunately, there are various ways to treat or mitigate this skin condition. Let us first understand the root causes of hyperpigmentation.

What are the Causes of Hyperpigmentation?

Several key factors can trigger hyperpigmentation. Let’s try to  understand the root causes of hyperpigmentation: 

• Sun Exposure: Overexposure to the sun's UV rays is the leading cause of hyperpigmentation. Sunlight stimulates melanocytes to produce excess melanin, darkening skin and causing sunspots or age spots. Regular use of sunscreen and protective clothing is vital for prevention.
• Hormonal Changes: Fluctuations in hormone levels, especially estrogen and progesterone, can significantly influence melanin production. Melasma, characterised by brown or greyish facial patches, is strongly linked to hormonal shifts, often experienced during pregnancy, hormonal therapies, or oral contraceptives. These hormonal changes stimulate melanocytes, leading to excessive pigment deposition.
• Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation: Following skin injury or inflammation, such as acne breakouts, eczema flares, burns, or even cosmetic procedures, the skin can respond by producing excess melanin as part of its healing process. This results in dark spots or patches at the site of the inflammation or injury. PIH is more prevalent and lasts longer in individuals with darker skin tones.
• Certain Medications: Some medications can increase the skin’s photosensitivity, making it more vulnerable to UV damage and subsequent hyperpigmentation. These medications can include certain antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antimalarials. Patients should be aware of such potential side effects and take extra precautions against sun exposure when using these medications.
• Preexisting Medical Conditions: In rare instances, specific underlying medical conditions can contribute to hyperpigmentation. These can include endocrine disorders like Addison's disease, which affects the adrenal glands, or hemochromatosis, a condition leading to excessive iron absorption. 

These are some medical conditions that can cause hyperpigmentation. Such situations require proper diagnosis and immediate management of the cause.

How to Remove Hyperpigmentation?

Depending on the cause and severity, removing hyperpigmentation can be challenging. It is usually impossible to completely remove the signs of this skin condition.

However, with the right approach, significantly improving the skin condition affected by hyperpigmentation is often achievable. Several advanced methods have been successful in mitigating the signs of hyperpigmentation. 

How to Reduce Hyperpigmentation?

Several hyperpigmentation treatment options are available, and the best approach depends on the type and cause of hyperpigmentation. 

• Topical Creams: Certain creams and applications containing hydroquinone, retinoids, kojic acid, azelaic acid, and vitamin C are effective in treating hyperpigmentation.
• Chemical Peels: Specific chemical peels are used to exfoliate the skin's surface, helping to reduce the appearance of dark spots.
• Laser Treatments: Laser beams target melanin and break it down, effectively reducing hyperpigmentation.
• Microdermabrasion: This mechanical exfoliation method removes the outer layer of skin.
• Sunscreen: Various kinds of sunscreens, such as SPF 15 or 16, are good for daily use and can prevent further darkening and protect the skin during treatment.
• Cryotherapy: Freezes the affected area to destroy extra pigment cells.
• Oral Medications: In some cases, oral medications may be prescribed to address underlying hormonal imbalances.
• Ozone Therapy: This advanced technique involves using medical-grade ozone gas to treat various severe hyperpigmentation. 

These are some highly effective methods of hyperpigmentation treatment. However, you must consult a dermatologist before undergoing any of the above treatments.

What are Some Home Remedies for Hyperpigmentation​?

Hyperpigmentation can sometimes be addressed with home remedies, though results vary.

Here are some potential home remedies to treat skin pigmentation:

• Aloe Vera: Aloe vera gel can soothe the skin and may help reduce hyperpigmentation. Apply pure aloe vera gel to the affected areas and leave it on for 15-20 minutes before rinsing.
• Lemon Juice: Lemon juice has natural bleaching properties. Dilute fresh lemon juice with an equal amount of water and apply it to the dark spots. Leave it on for 10-15 minutes, then rinse.
• Turmeric Paste: Turmeric has anti-inflammatory and skin-lightening properties. Mix turmeric powder with water or yogurt to make a paste.
• Apple Cider Vinegar: Apple cider vinegar contains alpha-hydroxy acids that may help exfoliate the skin. Mix equal parts apple cider vinegar and water, apply it to the dark spots, and leave it on for a few minutes before rinsing.
• Green Tea Extract: Green tea contains antioxidants that may help lighten dark spots. Apply a cooled or green tea extract solution to the affected areas.

Key Take: It's crucial to note these are not substitutes for professional medical advice. Always do a patch test before applying any new substance to your face. If you have sensitive skin, you must consult a dermatologist first.

These are some practical ways to treat hyperpigmentation. Indeed, a healthy lifestyle and proper skincare can prevent all kinds of skin problems.  ​

Apart from a healthy lifestyle, stress management is essential for healthy skin. To live a stress-free life, you need comprehensive health coverage to manage your medical emergency costs. 

>>Read More: A Guide to Ozone Therapy: Benefits, Risks & Cost

Live Stress-free with a Comprehensive Health Insurance

Undergoing an advanced skin treatment is sometimes essential to treat severe conditions. Specialised treatment can be quite expensive. And treatments like ozone therapy are priced based on the number of sessions needed.

Therefore, having a thorough health insurance plan that adequately covers advanced medical treatments up to the insured amount is essential. When selecting comprehensive health coverage, it's important to consider key factors such as sub-limits, co-payments, and waiting periods for any pre-existing conditions.

Disclaimer: Plan features, benefits, coverage, and claims underwriting are subject to policy terms and conditions. Kindly refer to the brochure, sales prospectus, and policy documents carefully.