E. coli in Bloodstream: Know the Symptoms Before it’s Too Late!

• Written by Sejal Singhania

  Reviewed by Munmi Sharma

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E. coli infections are typically linked to stomach issues or contaminated food, but when the bacteria enter the bloodstream, the risks become much more severe. Once in the bloodstream, E. coli in blood culture can cause a serious condition that may quickly progress to sepsis, organ failure, or other life-threatening complications if not identified early. What makes this infection especially worrying is that its early signs often resemble those of everyday illnesses, leading many people to overlook them.

Understanding how E. coli spreads, recognising symptoms, and knowing when to see a doctor can truly make a difference. This blog discusses E. coli blood infections, including their causes, risk factors, available treatments, and prevention strategies, and emphasises the importance of prompt medical attention for a safe, quick recovery.

What is E. coli Blood Infection?

An E. coli blood infection, also called E. coli septicemia or E. coli sepsis, happens when E. coli bacteria enter the bloodstream and provoke a strong inflammatory response. This can result in a range of symptoms and may develop into sepsis, a critical medical condition that can cause organ failure or be fatal if not addressed promptly.

Key Terms to Know More About E. coli Infection:

• Bacteremia: Presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
• Septicemia: Blood poisoning caused by bacterial toxins
• Sepsis: The body's intense reaction to a blood infection

Types of E. coli Infection

Common types of E. coli infections include gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections (UTIs). There are also other types of E. coli infections you might come across:

• Bloodstream infections
• Prostatitis (prostate infection)
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Gallbladder infection (cholecystitis)
• Wound infections
• Pneumonia (rare)
• Meningitis (rare)

What Causes E. coli Blood Infection?

E. coli infection enters the bloodstream when harmful bacteria move beyond their usual location (the intestines) and spread to other parts of the body. The leading causes of E. coli infection are:

• Contaminated food or water (such as eating undercooked meat, unwashed fruits or vegetables, or drinking untreated water)
• Unpasteurised dairy products (for example, consuming raw milk or products made from it)
• Infected individuals (especially if you come into contact with their vomit or poo)
• Infected animals (handling animals that carry the bacteria, such as farm animals or pets)
• Poor personal hygiene (such as not washing your hands after using the toilet or handling raw meat)
• Spread within your body (harmful E. coli from your gut can cause problems in other areas, such as urinary tract infections)

Who is at Risk of Getting an Infection?

E. coli bloodstream infection is common in:

• Adults above the age of 65
• Infants under 1 year
• People with chronic conditions such as diabetes, lung disease, kidney disease, or cancer
• Patients with gastrointestinal infections
• People with a weak immune system
• People with severe injuries like burns or open wounds

What are the Symptoms of E. coli in the Bloodstream?

Early detection can make all the difference. Symptoms typically show up 3–4 days after exposure and can escalate quickly. Some of the early E. coli infection symptoms may include:

• High fever & chills
• Nausea and vomiting
• Stomach cramps & abdominal discomfort
• Diarrhoea
• Fatigue and weakness

Advanced E. Coli Infection Symptoms

• Low blood pressure & dizziness
• Rapid heart rate
• Difficulty breathing
• Confusion or disorientation
• Decreased urine output
• Pale or clammy skin

Primary Ways How E. coli Spreads into the Bloodstream!

E. coli can sometimes escape from the intestines and make its way into the bloodstream, which can be severe. Here are the main ways this harmful spread can happen.

• Urinary Tract Infections: UTIs caused by E. coli can sometimes spread from the kidneys into the bloodstream, underscoring the importance of prompt treatment.
• Kidney Infections (Pyelonephritis): Bacteria originating from the kidneys can easily enter the bloodstream.
• Lung Infections: Some respiratory infections can spread bacteria into the bloodstream.
• Medical or Surgical Procedures: Having a catheter, surgery, or invasive tests can sometimes lead to a higher chance of infection.
• Open Wounds or Ulcers: Cuts, burns, bites, and skin ulcers can sometimes allow bacteria to enter the bloodstream.
• Gastrointestinal Tract Infections: Severe intestinal infections can elevate the risk of bacteria entering the bloodstream.

How is E. coli Blood Infection Diagnosed?

Doctors use a variety of diagnostic tests to identify bacteria in the bloodstream, ensuring they can choose the best treatment to help you recover. Some of the tests that help to diagnose the E. coli infection may include:

•  Blood Culture Test (Gold Standard): This test helps determine if E. coli is present in the blood, offering crucial information for diagnosis.
• Stool Test: This test is a helpful way to check for E. coli in your digestive system and provide you with essential health information.
• Urine Test: These tests help detect E. coli infections associated with UTIs.
• Imaging Tests: Ultrasound, CT scan, or X-ray can help identify the source of infection, making it easier for healthcare providers to understand and treat the issue effectively.

E. coli Bloodstream Infection Treatment

Once E. coli is confirmed in the bloodstream, prompt treatment is essential, and hospitalisation is usually necessary to ensure the best care. Some of the options that the doctor suggests for the treatment of E. coli infection may include:

Antibiotic Therapy

Usually, broad-spectrum antibiotics are given first to cover many potential bacteria, and then, based on test reports, targeted antibiotics are used for more specific treatment.

Supportive Care

Supportive care for an E. coli infection primarily involves staying well-hydrated and resting. Essential measures include drinking plenty of fluids, such as water or rehydration solutions, resting to promote recovery, and avoiding antidiarrheal medications that might trap toxins. In severe cases or if dehydration occurs, hospitalisation with IV fluids may be necessary.

Treatment of Underlying Conditions

Taking care of conditions like diabetes, kidney infections, or lung issues can really help stop the disease from getting worse. It's all about maintaining your health and spotting issues early so you can feel better and stay healthier longer.

Intensive Care for Severe Cases

Critical patients often need ICU care, especially when sepsis or organ failure starts. Providing prompt and attentive care can make a big difference in their recovery.

Complications of E. coli in the Bloodstream

Seeking early diagnosis and prompt medical attention is crucial if you are diagnosed with an E. coli infection in blood. Without timely treatment, E. coli septicemia can result in:

• Kidney failure
• Respiratory failure
• Septic shock
• Liver damage
• Brain inflammation
• Blood clotting disorders
• Multi-organ failure

Prevention of E. coli Blood Infection

To prevent an E. coli blood infection, follow the given strategies.

• Get yourself vaccinated
• Keep any injury or wound clean, dry and covered
• Build your immunity and seek treatment to cure any underlying condition
• Maintain hygiene and cleanliness by washing your hands regularly.

>> Read More: Blood Cancer: From Early Symptoms to Advanced Treatments

E.Coli Blood Infection: Be Aware Before It’s Too Late!

E. coli septicemia is a life-threatening infection which requires immediate medical attention and treatment. Being aware of the symptoms and understanding the causes can save lives from this silent killer. Practising prevention strategies and maintaining good health are equally important for avoiding infection altogether.

Care Health Insurance offers the best health insurance plans that shield your family from the financial strain during E. coli septicemia treatment. Our comprehensive coverage includes hospitalisation, diagnostics, and outpatient care, not just for E. coli infection but also for underlying chronic health conditions under designated plans. Contact our team of insurance experts today to learn about the various comprehensive health insurance plans available.

Disclaimer: The above information is for reference purposes only. Kindly consult your general physician for verified medical advice. The health insurance benefits are subject to policy terms and conditions. Refer to your policy documents for more information.