Green Cards vs Citizenship: Make the Smart Choice For Your Future!

• Written by Sejal Singhania

  Reviewed by Rashmi Rai

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Ever wondered what separates a Green Card holder from a U.S citizen?

On documents, both can live and work in the United States, but the difference between the two can sometimes catch you off guard in real life.

Whether you're planning to move to the U.S. or simply wondering about the citizenship eligibility, understanding these differences is crucial. The difference between a green card holder and a citizen can save you from confusion or trouble. Let's break down the key differences for a better understanding.

What is a Green Card?

A Green Card, officially known as a Permanent Resident Card, is an identity document that shows a person has permanent residency in the United States. It grants the holder lawful permanent resident (LPR) status, a pathway to U.S. citizenship, and access to most of the rights and privileges of a U.S. citizen. Multiple pathways exist to obtain a green card, including family-based, employment-based, diversity visa, and other humanitarian categories. Green card holders can apply for U.S citizenship later if they meet the requirements. However, it’s essential to note that the eligibility for a Green card is not simple.

Benefits of a Green Card

Holding the Green Card opens many doors in the U.S., but knowing precisely what comes with it and what doesn’t is essential. Here are some of the benefits of having a green card:

• Green card holders can live and work in the US indefinitely, without the restrictions of temporary U.S visas.
• They can work or switch jobs and are not restricted by employer sponsorship.
• You are legally protected by the laws of the United States (your state of residence and your local jurisdiction).
• Certain social services, such as Medicare, Social Security, and other government initiatives, are accessible to those with green cards.
• Green Card holders are not required to renew a temporary visa to enter and exit the United States.
• Green card holders can sponsor close family members (spouses, unmarried children) for Green cards, allowing them to live and work in the US.
• Green card holders may be eligible for benefits upon retirement if they work and contribute to Social Security.

Limitations of a Green Card

Green Cards open the door to U.S. citizenship rights, but don’t give you the complete set of keys. There are still necessary limits every Green Card holder should know about: 

• Green Card holders cannot vote in federal elections in the U.S.
• Specific government jobs, especially those in law enforcement or national security, are restricted to Green card holders.
• Green Card holders must renew their citizenship every 10 years.
• Green card holders cannot sit for any federal elections, including Congress or the President.
• Green card holders cannot VOTE, but can financially contribute to US elections.

Who Is Eligible for a US Green Card?

Green Card Through Family

You can get a Green Card if you:

• Have a spouse who is a US citizen or holds a lawful permanent resident status.
• Parents of children who are United States citizens and at least 21 years old.
• Are unmarried, below 21, and have parents who are lawful permanent residents (LPRs).
• Have the siblings of a U.S. citizen at least 21 years old. 

Green Card Through Employment

A US Green Card can also be obtained through employment-based sponsorship. Foreign workers who can prove they have the expertise and abilities that U.S. employers require can enter the country with an employment-based green card. Employers typically sponsor the applicant, and the process often includes labour certification and Form I-140 (Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker).

Green Card as a Special Immigrant

You can obtain a Green Card under the special immigrant category as:

• Individuals serving in specific roles, such as with the U.S. government, affiliates, or non-profits, may be eligible.
• Certain religious workers employed by a religious organisation may qualify.
• Those endangered by their employment with the U.S. government or affiliates may also qualify.
• International broadcaster working in the US as a U.S. Agency for Global Media member.

How to get a Green Card?

Although the exact steps may differ depending on your situation, the majority of green card applications follow this general procedure:

STEP 1: Petition Filing: You can have someone file an immigrant petition on your behalf, or you may file for yourself in some situations.

STEP 2: Application Submission: After your petition receives approval and a visa is available in your category, you must submit a Green Card application to USCIS or a visa application to the U.S. Department of State.

STEP 3: Biometrics: Submit your fingerprints, photograph, and signature.

STEP 4: Interview: Be available for an interview with the immigration officials.

STEP 5: Final Decision: Get the final decision regarding your application.

This procedure can take several months to years, depending on your circumstances and visa category.

What is U.S. Citizenship?

U.S. citizenship represents the highest legal status available to individuals, indicating their belonging to the nation. It includes specific rights, responsibilities, and protections, such as the right to vote, the ability to run for office, and access to a U.S. passport. If you were not born in the United States, you must fulfil the following requirements to attain citizenship -

• A minimum age of 18 years is required.
• You must have at least five years of continuous permanent residence, or three years if married to a US citizen.

Conversely, US Citizenship via Naturalisation is the procedure through which non-US citizens voluntarily apply for US citizenship.

Rights and Benefits of Citizenship

Becoming a U.S. citizen isn’t just a legal status; it’s about unlocking the full rights and freedoms of being a permanent citizen. Here are the rights that you will get with US citizenship:

• Citizenship grants voting rights, enabling participation in government and policies.
• It allows citizens to run for public office, contributing to democracy.
• Citizens access legal aid from their government for legal issues.
• Citizens frequently have the opportunity to sponsor family members for immigration, supporting family reunification.
• Citizenship ensures full political rights, empowering citizens to share their views and engage in public discussions.
• Citizens are entitled to legal protection from their government, ensuring their rights are upheld.
• Holding citizenship can lead to particular job opportunities and simplify working within the nation.
• Dual citizenship facilitates smoother travel between nations and may offer greater freedom.
• Citizenship may also provide access to social services, healthcare, and other benefits.
• It also simplifies property ownership and investment opportunities in both nations.

Who Is Eligible for US Citizenship?

To become a citizen of the United States, Green Card holders must additionally meet the following qualifying requirements:

• You must be at least 18 years old to apply for U.S. citizenship.
• You should read, write, and speak basic English.
• Your criminal record must be clear, as the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services will evaluate your moral character.
• You must pass a basic U.S. history and government test and attend an interview.

How to Get U.S Citizenship?

Becoming a U.S. citizen represents a significant milestone that provides rights, responsibilities, and freedoms under the law. If you're a Green Card holder, then take the next step. Here's the process of applying for U.S. citizenship:

Step 1: Application for Naturalization 

To qualify for U.S. citizenship, you must be a lawful permanent resident for at least 5 or 3 years. You are required to submit an Application for Naturalization (Form N-400) and pay the filing fee. You can either complete and mail a paper application or submit the application online. If you file online, you must establish an online account with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).

Step 2: Biometrics appointment

Submit your fingerprints, photograph, and signature at your local USCIS field office.

Step 3: Citizenship interview and exam

The citizenship interview is typically scheduled about 14 months after filing your application. A USCIS officer verifies all information on your naturalisation application. This interview occurs at your nearest USCIS office and is referred to as a citizenship "exam," which includes two naturalisation tests: an English language test and a civics test.

Step 4: Approval and Oath of Allegiance

After your application is approved, you will participate in an Oath of Allegiance ceremony. You won't be recognised as a U.S. citizen until you take the Oath. You’ll need to return your green card during the ceremony. Once the ceremony ends, you’ll receive a Certificate of Naturalisation and start your new life as a U.S. citizen.

Difference Between a Permanent Resident (Green Card) and a Citizen

Now that we have explored what having a Green Card versus Citizenship means, let's break down the key differences in comparing the two. Here's how these two immigration statuses stack up side by side:

Final Thoughts!

Whether starting your journey with the Green Card or dreaming of full U.S. citizenship, understanding the difference isn’t just about the paperwork; it's about planning for the future. Each status influences your rights, travels, and long-term plans in distinct ways. Grasping the difference also empowers you to make informed choices that align with your goals, lifestyle, and the life you’re building in the U.S. After all, it's not merely about living; it’s about your true belongings.

>> Also Read: What is an EB-5 Visa?

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