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Stepping back in time and exploring ancient civilisations can be an incredible experience for travel and cultural enthusiasts. From the enigmatic pyramids of Egypt and monumental structures in China to the mystical ruins of Machu Picchu in Peru, you can experience the profound connection to shared human heritage. You can walk in the footsteps of the legends of the past, explorers, and adventurers to gain insights into the timeless wonders of the oldest civilisation in the world.
What is Ancient Civilisation?
Ancient civilisations were the societies that developed social structures, complex cultures, monumental architectures, and technologies. Civilisation typically emerged between 3000 and 4000 B.C.E. with the rise of shared communication, agriculture, and trade. Experts consider the Sumerian civilisation the oldest known and first civilisation in the world. Known for their administrative systems and written language, they inhabited Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) around 4500 B.C.E. They left a rich legacy and laid the foundation for subsequent civilisations. Egyptian civilisation, the Roman Empire, the Han Dynasty of China, the Maurya Dynasty, and the Gupta Empires of India are some of the largest civilisations in the world.
Type of Civilisation in History
Civilisations in history are classified based on various criteria. This includes region, stage of development, cultural characteristics, and technological advancements. For example, civilisation is classified as Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Classical civilisation based on cultural and technological advancements. The list of civilisations based on the geographical location/region has many names, such as Sumerians, Ancient Egyptians, Harappan/ Indus Valley civilisation, Xia Dynasty, Han Dynasty, Ancient Greece, and more.
Influential Civilisations of the World
Here are some of the most significant ancient civilisations, their key contributions to the modern world, and travel destinations where you can explore more about these ancient civilisations.
Sumerian Civilisation
The Sumerians, who emerged in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), are considered the world's first civilisation. Their most significant contribution to civilisation was the invention of the written language, Cuneiform, a system of writing on clay tablets. This enabled the recording of trade transactions, literature, and laws. Their innovations in agriculture and astronomy laid the groundwork for future civilisations in the region and beyond.
The well-preserved ziggurat and Eridu in Iraq are the most significant places that display the architectural remnants and archaeological remains from the Sumerian period.
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt, flourishing along the Nile River from around 3100 BCE to 30 BC, is history’s most iconic civilisation known for its complex society, monumental architecture, and sophisticated art. The ancient people of this civilisation contributed significantly to medicine and engineering. Pharaohs oversaw the construction of fascinating pyramids, tombs, and temples.
The Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, exemplifies the architectural and engineering prowess of the ancient Egyptians. The Temples of Karnak and Luxor and The Valley of the Kings help you explore their impressive architectural and artistic achievements.
Indus Valley Civilisation/ Harappan Civilisation
The Indus Valley civilisation thrived in the northwestern regions of South Asia from around 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. Its most significant contributions were advanced urban planning, impressive infrastructure, extensive trade networks, and more.
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa of modern-day Pakistan are the archaeological sites that provide insights into the Indus Valley civilisation.
Chinese Civilisation
Ancient China has significantly contributed to human civilisation with its rich and continuous history. The Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BCE) was known for its work on writing, bronze work, and urban planning. The Zhou Dynasty focused on philosophical developments to shape Chinese society and culture. The construction of the Great Wall by The Qin Dynasty marked the unification. The Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) ushered in a golden age of prosperity and technological advancement.
The Great Wall of China, built to protect against invasions, stretches over 13,000 miles and offers breathtaking views and insights into ancient Chinese engineering. Terracotta Army and Forbidden City also give insight into Chinese civilisation.
Ancient Greece Civilisation
Ancient Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation. The concept of democracy, Greek philosophy, art, and science laid the foundations for Western civilisations. Philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle explored fundamental questions about politics, ethics, medicine, and science.
The Acropolis of Athens contains many significant structures, including the Temple of Athena Nike, the Parthenon, and the Erechtheion, which showcase classical Greek architecture and art. Delphi and the Palace of Knossos give insights into their culture.
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire dominated the Mediterranean world and beyond for centuries. At its height under Emperor Trajan (98–117 CE), the empire extended from Britain to the Middle East, encompassing diverse peoples and cultures. Known for their engineering, law, and architecture, they set benchmarks for subsequent civilisations. The Latin language of the Roman Empire significantly influenced the vocabulary of many other languages, including English.
The Colosseum, Rome's iconic amphitheatre, depicts their engineering work. The Roman Forum, Italy, and Pompeii give you a deep dive into their culture and daily life.
Maya Civilisation
The Maya civilisation, which thrived in Mesoamerica, is known for its profound contribution to astronomy (its complex calendar system), irrigation, architecture, and mathematics.
The Great Ball Court, the Pyramid of Kukulkan, and other structures of Chichen Itza in Mexico reflect the Maya's astronomical and architectural expertise. Tikal and Palenque are other fascinating archaeological sites to explore.
Persian Empire
The Achaemenid Persian Empire (circa 550–330 BCE) is one of the most prominent civilisations stretching from the Balkans and Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley. It was known for its administrative system. The Royal Road, a major infrastructure project, facilitated communication and trade across the empire, enhancing its cohesion and economic prosperity. Their cultural achievements include building monumental architecture and advances in art and technology.
Iran’s Persepolis, the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire, reflects their power and artistic achievements.
Gupta Empire
India's Gupta Empire (320–550 CE) is known for achievements in arts, science, and culture. It was a period of political stability, cultural flourishing, and economic prosperity for India. Aryabhata’s contribution to mathematics (the concept of zero and the decimal system) and astronomy was revolutionary during this period. With Kalidasa’s poems, Sanskrit literature also flourished.
Ajanta and Ellora Caves, India, and Sanchi Stupa are ancient heritage sites where you can explore the Gupta Empire as a civilisation.
Also Read: Best Time to Visit Switzerland from India
Wrapping Up!
There are also several other iconic archaeological sites in the world, such as Machu Picchu (Peru) and Angkor Wat (Cambodia), to explore the development of civilisations worldwide.
Visiting archaeological sites and exploring ancient civilisations offers a window into the lives, achievements, and aspirations of ancient peoples who laid the foundations for modern society. However, it may also pose several unprecedented risks. Therefore, while you embark on a journey to quench your historian thirst, ensure you are adequately covered with international travel insurance in case of any unforeseen crisis.
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